Fuel from Waste Plastics: Cutting Oil Costs - Prof. Dankwah

The Potential of Waste Plastics as a Renewable Energy Source

Professor James R. Dankwah, a Professor of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at the University of Mines and Technology (UMaT) in Tarkwa, Western Region, has highlighted an innovative approach to addressing Ghana's energy challenges by utilizing waste plastics as a source of fuel. His insights were shared during an inaugural lecture at UMaT, where he discussed the topic: 'Waste Plastics, a Modern Day Resource Paradox: Leveraging its Positive Attributes for an Environmentally Sustainable Metals Production.'

According to Prof. Dankwah, converting waste plastics into fuels such as diesel and petrol could significantly reduce energy costs for the country. He emphasized that while waste plastics have both advantages and disadvantages, the key lies in effective management. "We can set up an oil-making industry in Ghana based solely on plastics and other raw materials available locally," he said, challenging the government to take action.

Globally, the production of plastics has seen exponential growth, increasing from 2 million tons (Mt) in 1950 to 400 Mt in 2022, with an annual growth rate of 8.4 per cent. This surge in plastic usage has led to a corresponding increase in waste, with over 350 Mt of plastic waste generated annually worldwide. Unfortunately, only 9 per cent of this waste is recycled, while the rest is either landfilled, incinerated, or disposed of illegally.

Prof. Dankwah, who also serves as the Vice Dean of the Faculty of Mining and Minerals Technology at UMaT, explained that waste plastics contain carbon and hydrogen—elements known as reductants that can be used in the production of metals from their oxides. He presented findings from research conducted at UMaT, which demonstrated the successful production of metals like iron, manganese, and copper using various types of waste plastic materials. The use of these materials resulted in a notable reduction in CO₂ emissions, showcasing the environmental benefits of this approach.

The professor further noted that the potential for energy savings is evident through the replacement of CO₂ with synthetic gas. He posed the question: "How can we leverage the plastic waste for the benefit of society? Ghana can take advantage of these opportunities." He emphasized that waste plastics hold significant potential for producing various fuels, with four per cent of all crude oil produced globally being used in the production of plastics through polymerization.

However, UMaT researchers are exploring a reverse process called depolymerization, which allows them to convert plastic waste back into liquids, enabling the production of fuels such as kerosene and aviation fuel. This technology not only addresses the issue of plastic waste but also offers a sustainable alternative to traditional fuel sources.

Prof. Dankwah also highlighted the economic benefits of this innovation. With rising energy costs, the government could utilize these renewable sources to enhance cost savings in the energy sector, improve energy availability, and increase efficiency. He mentioned ongoing efforts to use the same plastic waste to produce premix fuel for fishermen, which would provide substantial benefits to local communities.

He revealed that the technology of converting plastic waste into fuel could be sold at approximately 50 to 70 per cent of the normal fuel price, significantly reducing electricity costs in Ghana. This approach not only addresses environmental concerns but also presents an opportunity for economic development and energy independence.

In conclusion, the work of Prof. Dankwah and his team at UMaT demonstrates the vast potential of waste plastics as a resource for sustainable energy production. By leveraging this innovative approach, Ghana can make significant strides toward a more environmentally friendly and economically viable future.