Exclusive: Superbacteria Cases Skyrocket 2.3 Times, Deaths Surpass AIDS

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Rising Threat of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in South Korea

The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, commonly known as "superbacteria," has surged dramatically in recent years. These pathogens, specifically carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), are a major public health concern due to their resistance to most antibiotics, making treatment extremely challenging. Over the past five years, the number of CRE infections has increased by 2.3 times, while the number of related deaths has risen by 3.7 times.

According to data obtained from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, the first recorded cases of CRE infections in South Korea were 5,717 in 2017. This number steadily rose to 18,113 in 2020 and reached an alarming 42,347 cases in the most recent year. The mortality rate also saw a sharp increase, with deaths rising from 226 in 2020 to 838 in the latest report.

Understanding CRE and Its Impact

CRE refers to bacteria that have developed resistance to carbapenem-class antibiotics, which are often considered the last line of defense against bacterial infections. Once these bacteria become resistant, they are extremely difficult to treat, as most other antibiotics lose their effectiveness. The infection can spread to various organs, leading to severe conditions such as pneumonia, sepsis, and urinary tract infections. The mortality rate for CRE infections ranges between 26% and 75%, making it one of the deadliest threats in modern medicine.

In 2017, CRE was classified as a Class 2 statutory infectious disease. Last year, it caused the highest number of deaths among all statutory infectious diseases, with 838 fatalities—more than five times the death toll of AIDS, which was 158.

The Role of Antibiotic Overuse

Critics argue that the widespread use of antibiotics is accelerating the spread of CRE. The more antibiotics are used, the higher the chance that bacteria will develop resistance. Data shows that the volume of antibiotic prescriptions in South Korea increased by approximately 60% from 347.67 million cases in 2020 to 555.17 million in 2024. On a per capita basis, this equates to about 10 prescriptions per citizen annually.

Medical experts stress the need for stricter government measures to ensure proper infection control in hospitals and responsible antibiotic use. This includes monitoring and managing the spread of resistant bacteria to prevent further development of drug resistance.

High-Risk Groups and Transmission

CRE infections primarily affect individuals with weakened immune systems, such as the elderly and long-term hospital patients. The transmission occurs through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated medical equipment. While the number of infections in tertiary general hospitals dropped by around 19% from 13,443 cases in 2023 to 10,905 in 2024, nursing homes experienced a significant rise—from 1,485 cases in 2020 to 8,940 cases last year.

Future Concerns and Global Implications

Health professionals are increasingly worried about the potential surge in CRE infections in the coming years. A report by the UK government estimates that by 2050, 10 million people worldwide could die annually from antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Professor Lee Jae-gap from Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital noted that CRE was likely introduced into South Korea around 2010 and has since been spreading rapidly. He emphasized that while several antibiotic-resistant bacteria exist, CRE poses a particularly urgent threat.

Representative Han Ji-a highlighted the current lack of comprehensive oversight, stating that only 130 hospitals are monitored for appropriate antibiotic use. He called for the establishment of a robust management system to track both CRE infections and antibiotic usage effectively.

Conclusion

The growing threat of CRE infections underscores the urgent need for coordinated efforts between healthcare providers, policymakers, and the public. Addressing antibiotic overuse, improving infection control, and implementing stricter regulations are essential steps in combating the spread of these deadly bacteria. Without immediate action, the global health crisis posed by antibiotic-resistant organisms could escalate beyond control.

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